Learning Objectives 

2.3.1: Equilibrium: Define the concept of chemical equilibrium and explain the dynamic nature of reversible reactions in closed systems.

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2.3.2 & 2.3.3: Equilibrium Law (Kc): Construct equilibrium expressions for reversible reactions and solve problems involving the equilibrium constant, including changes to chemical equations.

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2.3.4: Le Châtelier’s Principle: Predict the effect of concentration, pressure, temperature, and catalysts on the position of equilibrium using Le Châtelier’s principle.

Higher Level

2.3.5: Reaction Quotient (HL): Compare the reaction quotient Q to the equilibrium constant K to determine the direction of shift needed to reach equilibrium.

2.3.6: ICE Box (HL): Solve equilibrium problems using the ICE box method to calculate concentrations of species at equilibrium.

2.3.7: Gibbs Free Energy & Equilibrium (HL): Relate Gibbs free energy to the equilibrium constant and determine spontaneity of reactions based on ΔG and K.