S2.2 Covalent Model
Learning Objectives
2.2.1: Covalent Bond: Define covalent bonding and identify polar vs. non-polar bonds based on electronegativity.
2.2.2: Bond Order: Recognize single, double, and triple bonds and their relative strength and length.
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2.2.3: Coordination Bonds: Understand coordinate bonds as covalent bonds where both electrons come from the same atom.
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​2.2.4: VSEPR: Predict molecular shapes based on electron domain geometry and repulsion.
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2.2.5 & 2.2.6: Bond & Molecular Polarity: Determine bond polarity using dipole moments and assess molecular polarity based on shape.
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2.2.7: Allotropes of Carbon: Compare structures and properties of carbon allotropes(diamond, graphite, graphene) and silicon/silicon dioxide.
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2.2.8: Intermolecular Forces: Identify and compare LDF, dipole–dipole, and hydrogen bonding in terms of strength and effect on properties.
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2.2.9: Properties of Covalent Substances: Link volatility, conductivity, and solubility to molecular structure and bonding.
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2.2.10 Chromatography: Explain chromatography as a method of separating mixtures using Rf values.
Higher Level
​​​2.2.11: Resonance (HL): Recognize resonance structures and explain delocalization.
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2.2.12: Benzene (HL): Describe benzene’s structure and stability using resonance and physical/chemical evidence.
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2.2.13: Expanded Octets (HL): Identify molecules with expanded octets and predict their geometry using VSEPR.
2.2.14: Formal Charge (HL): Calculate formal charge to evaluate the most stable Lewis structure.
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2.2.15: Sigma and Pi Bonds (HL): Differentiate sigma and pi bonds and relate them to bond strength and molecular rigidity.
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2.2.16: Hybridization (HL): Determine the hybridization of atoms based on electron domains and molecular shape.