2.1.1: Ions: Identifying how ions are formed through the gain or loss of electrons, classifying them as cations or anions, and distinguishing between monoatomic and polyatomic ions using common examples and charges.

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2.1.2: Ionic Bonds: Describing the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions inionic bonding and using electronegativity difference (Pauling scale) to determine if a bond is ionic.

 

2.1.3: Ionic Lattice: Understanding the structure of ionic lattices as three-dimensional arrangements of ions and explaining how lattice enthalpy is influenced by ionic charge and radius, with examples comparing lattice strength.

 

2.1.4: Properties of Ionic Substances: Explaining key physical properties of ionic compounds— including low volatility, high melting and boiling points, conductivity in different states, and solubility in water—based on the ionic structure and bonding.

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