R3.1 pH & Proton transfer reactions
Learning Objectives
3.1.1: Acids & Bases: Define acids and bases using Boyle, Arrhenius, and Brønsted–Lowry theories.
3.1.2: Conjugate Acid–Base Pairs: Identify conjugate pairs and describe proton transfer.
3.1.3: Amphoteric and Amphiprotic Species: Distinguish between amphoteric and amphiprotic species with examples.
3.1.4: pH Scale: Use the pH formula and classify solutions as acidic, neutral, or basic.
3.1.5: Ionic Product of Water (Kw): State the value of Kw at 25°C and use it to find [H⁺] or [OH⁻].
3.1.6: Acid & Base Properties: Compare strong and weak acids/bases in terms of dissociation, pH, and conductivity.
3.1.7: Acid–Base Reactions: Write balanced equations for typical acid–base reactions and identify products.
3.1.8: pH Curves for Strong Acids & Bases: Interpret pH curves and locate the equivalence point.
Higher Level
3.1.9: pOH Scale (HL): Calculate pOH and relate it to pH using
pH + pOH = 14.
3.1.10 & 3.1.11: Weak Acids (HL): Define and interconvert Ka, Kb, pKa, and pKb. Use Ka × Kb = Kw and pKa + pKb = 14 in calculations.
3.1.12: Salts (pH of Salts) (HL): Predict whether a salt forms an acidic, basic, or neutral solution.
3.1.13: pH Curves of Strong and Weak Acids (HL): Sketch and explain pH curves; identify buffer and half-equivalence points.
3.1.14 & 3.1.15: Indicators (HL): Select indicators based on pKa and titration range.
3.1.16 & 3.1.17: Buffer Solutions & Calculations (HL): Define buffers, describe buffer action, and apply the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation.