1.4.1, 1.4.2 & 1.4.3: Entropy, Gibbs Energy & Spontaneity: The aim is to define entropy as a measure of disorder, predict entropy changes based on physical state and gas particles, calculate entropy changes using standard values, and determine spontaneity using the Gibbs free energy equation. The relationship between ΔH, ΔS, T, and ΔG is used to predict whether a reaction is spontaneous and to calculate the minimum temperature for spontaneity.

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1.4.4: ΔG and Equilibrium (HL): The aim is to define and compare the reaction quotient (Q) and equilibrium constant (K), and apply the equations ΔG = ΔG° + RT ln Q and ΔG° = –RT ln K to predict the direction of reaction shift, determine spontaneity under non-standard conditions, and evaluate the favorability of equilibrium systems.